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RF link budget

Receive power, fade margin, and estimated range from TX power, antenna gain, RX sensitivity, and frequency. Free-space + indoor and urban path-loss models.

dB waterfall budget — dB

Frequency MHz

Environment

TX power dBm

TX antenna gain dBi

RX antenna gain dBi

RX sensitivity dBm

Cable / connector loss dB

Fade margin dB

Engineering notes

Equations

FSPL(dB) = 20·log₁₀(d) + 20·log₁₀(f) + 32.44 (d in km, f in MHz).
Path-loss model: PL(d) = PL(1m) + 10·n·log₁₀(d).
Range solved from: TXp + TXg + RXg − losses − PL ≥ RXsens + fade.

Sensitivity references

BLE 1M: −95 dBm. BLE Coded S=8: −105 dBm.
WiFi 802.11n MCS0: −89 dBm. WiFi MCS7: −74 dBm.
LoRa SF12: −137 dBm. NB-IoT: −141 dBm.

Result

Live